In the sphere of thought, whether eastern or western, perception and thought are more conceived on the basis of the spirit and reason. In the meantime, bodiliness is either treated unkindly or is thoroughly ignored. Mulla Sadra with his essential movement and Merleau-Ponty through his Phenomenology of Perception allocated a pivotal role for the bodiliness in understanding and perception. To Mulla Sadra, bodiliness is the first step of perception (bodily initiation); then; through the spirit, this perception leads to the spiritual persistence. To Merleau-Ponty, on the other hand, bodiliness is the sole way to perceive the existence. The present study aims to analyze comparatively Mulla Sadra and Maurice Merleau-Ponty ideas concerning bodiliness through descriptive-analytical method. In so doing, Mulla Sadra's philosophy concerning the bodily initiation of the spirit are carefully studied to scrutinize the bodiliness. Then, Merleau-Ponty's Phenomenology of Perception is described. Finally, the similarities and differences of both philosophers are elaborated.

Background and Aim: The physical environment causes man to reveal complicated reactions in the form of feelings, feedback, value, interests and desires. These reactions specifically form the human’, s cognitive and perceptual process of the environment in the form of aesthetics values such as feeling of environmental desirability. The concept of environmental aesthetics is a complex one and has been widely discussed in different theoretical and empirical studies,however, the effects of environmental stimuli and characteristics on the human’, s desirable experience of the environment still looks a vague subject. Thus, in the view of the various levels of experiential perception of the space and resulting feeling of desirability, it is imperative to perform various accurate analyses of environmental psychology, as this will help recognize theoretical components to improve the quality of the environment. Accordingly, the following questions are raised: Which characteristics in theoretical models of environmental psychology do form perception of the environmental aesthetics through experience? Which components do constitute the main elements of experiencing the environmental aesthetics? Methods: The present research has a qualitative approach and uses descriptive-analytical method to review the main models to recognize the key approaches related with the concept of experiential aesthetics so that their underlying mechanisms are determined. In this connection, the process and relationship between the variables of the theoretical models is examined via content analysis. Discussion and Conclusion: Results indicated that three main components can be regarded as the structural dimensions of aesthetics dimensions through experience: 1. Continuous action consciousness through interaction with and attention to the environment,2. Sensory-motor consciousness by arousal and emotions, and 3. Structural consciousness through participation in the environment and environmental behavior.

The present article deals with introducing and critically studying the book Descartes Embodied: Reading Cartesian Philosophy through Cartesian Science by Daniel Garber. Garber, one of the most prominent researchers of modern philosophy and contemporary Descartes-scholar, wrote the book in 1980, and it was published by Cambridge University Press. This work has been released in French, yet there is no Persian translation available. It is a collection of articles written separately by author and published in credible philosophical journals. The unifying subject of the articles is the relationship between Descartes’ philosophical and scientific areas of interest. This article intends to introduce the author and covers the literary style of the book in English in brief. The article mainly addresses the introduction and critical analysis of the book itself, in two parts successively: form and content. This article intends to introduce the author and covers the literary style of the book in English in brief. The article mainly addresses the introduction and critical analysis of the book itself, in two parts successively: form and content.

Problem statement: Environmental psychology, as a broad scientific field, seeks to understand the nature and type of interactions between humans and their surrounding environment. In simpler terms, it examines how human behavior in space is influenced by exposure to behavioral environments. It is an undeniable fact that humans, as part of their environment, both influence and are influenced by their surroundings. However, the extent to which this cycle is affected by sensory stimuli, as well as the specific stimuli that alter behaviors, remains an open question.Research objective: This study aims to explore the relationship between the perception derived from visual landscapes and the resulting changes in individual and collective behavioral patterns. To achieve this goal, the research utilizes the Darakeh area a space characterized by diverse sensory landscapes and a wide range of audiences.Research method: The study employs two qualitative research methods: ethnographic (behavioral) studies and sensory walking to examine sensory-behavioral stations. These methods were applied over different time intervals during the spring and summer seasons to analyze behavioral changes and sensory landscapes.Conclusion: The results indicate that sensory landscape variations during spring and summer significantly impact human behaviors in the Darakeh area. In spring, olfactory and visual senses are dominant, enhancing friendly interactions and momentary behaviors. Conversely, in summer, the sense of touch becomes more active due to climatic changes, increasing individual interactions with strangers. These sensory variations are directly linked to the physical characteristics of the environment and temporal cycles, highlighting the importance of environmental planning to enhance the quality of public spaces. Overall, diverse sensory stimuli, alongside physical elements, create a foundation for the formation and variation of behavioral patterns.

Introduction: In new patient-training methods, the issue of patient empowerment has been presented which emphasizes the active role of patient in education and treatment. This study examined the impact of empowerment – based diabetes education (knowledge diabetes and embodied cognition) in promoting self-management behaviors in type 2 diabetic patients. Methods: This randomized clinical trial study was performed on 21 patients with type 2 diabetes. Patients referred to the Iran Diabetes Association from October to February 1395. They were assigned randomly into three groups in 2 intervention and control groups. The questionnaires were the demographic and clinical information, IPQ-R, DMSES, K-10, DSCS, DQOL, and BDI-II. Also, hemoglobin A1C and blood sugar were assessed. Empowerment program were conducted according to regulatory protocols in six sessions in each group. Hemoglobin A1C was measured before and three months after the intervention. Results: The results indicated that there was a significant difference in relation to blood sugar, illness perception (consequence, Personal and Treatment control, Illness coherence, Emotional representations), self-care and quality of life between the experimental group before and after the first intervention (P<0. 001, P<0. 05). However, it was not significant in control group (p>0. 05). Scores before and after the second intervention in testosterone levels, self-efficacy, feeling of power, self-care behaviors, K-10, blood sugar and hemoglobin A1c were significant difference (P<0. 001, P<0. 05). However it was not significant in control group (p>0. 05). Conclusion: The results showed that implementation of the empowerment program increased patients’ efficiency to self-management, change cognition and perception. The results that draw attention to the psychological factors effective in the prevention of diabetes complications and hence help in the conceptualization, planning and design of treatment policies for more effective control of type 2 diabetes.

Problem statement: Accepting architectural aesthetics, especially people’, s in-depth experiences of buildings, is of considerable importance. Few attempts have been made to recognise it as scientific content. There is still some confusion about which architectural theoretical model of aesthetics is more comprehensive and complete. In fact, this concept appears to be an ambiguous quality that requires cohesive data for more accurate research. The aesthetic experience of architecture has always been a complicated topic affected by different factors,therefore, knowing the raison d’, ê, tre and quality of this experience as a qualitative necessity can affect the design process and principle of architecture. Hence, what kind of quality is the aesthetic experience of architecture? What components does it depend on? Research objective: This study aims to provide a full description and develop a cohesive framework of the aesthetic experience of architecture in a bid to perceive its innate structure by proposing a conceptual model. Research method: This descriptive-analytical qualitative study reviewed the theoretical literature on the findings of cognitive sciences from an interpretative perspective to present the research results as a conceptual model. Conclusion: The aesthetic experience of architecture refers to the emotional evaluation of spatial perception experience based on a direct approach through perceptive, motivational, sensorimotor, cognitive, and behavioural components emerging as a combination of different emotional imaginations (e. g., joy and pleasure). Hence, according to the theories of cognitive sciences, it can be stated that the intrusion of unclear body reactions in the architectural experience indicates that perceptive and motivational components lead to behavioural reactions. This shows the relationships between emotional dimensions and the involvement of sensorimotor components through the body with the space. In fact, interaction with an architectural space through its resultant capabilities can involve motivational components. Therefore, the perception of architectural aesthetics depends on the intrinsically stimulated activities including emotional processing and cognitive factors of an individual’, s background. In this regard, behavioral components can draw the individual’, s attention and trigger his motivation and enable him, the experiencing subject, to gain a conscious experience and also enjoy the aesthetic experience through the phenomenon of architectural work.

The current pain management interventions are emphasizing on conscious regulation of pain-related behaviors and emotions. In contrast, novel interventions like priming-based ones suggest that behavior- and emotion-regulation happens without conscious selection. Based on the perceptual symbol systems theory, this study investigated the impact of nonconscious exposure to a visual symbol of healing, upright posture, on the perception of pain. A sample of 71 students (44 females, 27 males) from the University of Tehran completed two coldpressor tests (aiming at producing acute pain in lab), examined either visual symbol effect of control stimuli. One of the most prominent symbols of healing is an upright state of body (vs. down state of body). In an organized timing during coldpressor test completion, the visual symbol of healing and the neutral stimulus were presented to the subjects and in both tests using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), an online and repetitive assessment of pain intensity with specific time intervals was employed. The results showed that participants who were exposed to a visual symbol of healing reported experiencing more relief from pain than those who were examined with a neutral stimulus. These findings support the explanation proposed by perceptual symbols systems theory about the mechanisms underlying the physical changes caused by psychological processes. Also, the possible effectiveness of using a brief priming-based intervention in dealing with acute pain is supported by the results.